Fundamental Concepts And Processes In Biochemistry - rightknowledge.online
Most Important Fundamental Concepts And Processes In Biochemistry

Fundamental Concepts And Processes In Biochemistry

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Fundamental Concepts And Processes In Biochemistry

Most Important Fundamental Concepts And Processes In Biochemistry
Most Important Fundamental Concepts And Processes In Biochemistry
  1. DNA – Deoxyribonucleic acid
  2. RNA – Ribonucleic acid
  3. Protein – Amino acid
  4. Enzyme – Catalyst
  5. Metabolism – Catabolism/Anabolism
  6. Lipid – Fatty acid
  7. Carbohydrate – Monosaccharide
  8. Nucleotide – Nitrogenous base
  9. ATP – Adenosine triphosphate
  10. pH – Acidity
  11. Buffer – Resistance
  12. Hydrophobic – Water-repellent
  13. Hydrophilic – Water-loving
  14. Denaturation – Unfolding
  15. Substrate – Reactant
  16. Active site – Binding site
  17. Allosteric – Regulator
  18. Feedback – Inhibition
  19. Glycolysis – Glucose breakdown
  20. Citric acid cycle – Krebs cycle
  21. Electron transport chain – Oxidative phosphorylation
  22. Photosynthesis – Chloroplasts
  23. Glycogen – Stored glucose
  24. Cholesterol – Steroid
  25. Hormone – Signaling molecule
  26. Antibody – Immune response
  27. DNA replication – Duplication
  28. Transcription – RNA synthesis
  29. Translation – Protein synthesis
  30. Central dogma – DNA → RNA → Protein
  31. Gene – Hereditary unit
  32. Mutation – Genetic change
  33. Recombination – Genetic exchange
  34. Transposable elements – Mobile DNA
  35. Chromosome – DNA packaging
  36. Epigenetics – Gene expression regulation
  37. Proteomics – Protein analysis
  38. Metabolomics – Metabolic analysis
  39. Lipidomics – Lipid analysis
  40. Glycomics – Carbohydrate analysis
  41. Biomolecule – Biological molecule
  42. Molecular biology – Study of molecules in cells
  43. Bioenergetics – Energy in biological systems
  44. Thermodynamics – Energy transfer
  45. Kinetics – Reaction rate
  46. Equilibrium – Balanced state
  47. Isomerism – Structural variation
  48. Stereochemistry – Spatial arrangement
  49. Amino acid sequence – Primary structure
  50. Protein folding – Secondary structure
  51. Protein function – Tertiary structure
  52. Protein assembly – Quaternary structure
  53. Protein degradation – Proteolysis
  54. Signal transduction – Signaling pathway
  55. Enzyme kinetics – Enzyme activity
  56. Enzyme regulation – Enzyme control
  57. Enzyme inhibition – Enzyme suppression
  58. Metabolic pathways – Biochemical reactions
  59. Energy currency – ATP/ADP
  60. Redox reactions – Electron transfer
  61. Oxidative stress – Imbalance
  62. Free radicals – Reactive molecules
  63. Antioxidants – Radical scavengers
  64. Lipid metabolism – Fatty acid breakdown
  65. Carbohydrate metabolism – Sugar breakdown
  66. Nucleotide metabolism – Base synthesis
  67. Cofactor – Non-protein molecule
  68. Coenzyme – Organic cofactor
  69. Prosthetic group – Bound cofactor
  70. Vitamin – Organic nutrient
  71. Mineral – Inorganic nutrient
  72. Essential nutrient – Required for health
  73. Non-essential nutrient – Not required for health
  1. Macronutrient – Required in large amounts
  2. Micronutrient – Required in small amounts
  3. Digestion – Nutrient breakdown
  4. Absorption – Nutrient uptake
  5. Transport – Nutrient delivery
  6. Excretion – Waste removal
  7. Hormone regulation – Endocrine control
  8. Nerve regulation – Neural control
  9. Covalent bond – Shared electron
  10. Ionic bond – Electronegative attraction
  11. Hydrogen bond – Attraction between polar molecules
  12. Van der Waals force – Weak attraction between nonpolar molecules
  13. Hydrophobic interaction – Association of nonpolar molecules
  14. Ionization – Conversion to ion
  15. Acid-base reaction – Proton transfer
  16. Redox potential – Electron availability
  17. Buffer capacity – pH resistance
  18. Aldehyde – Carbonyl group at end
  19. Ketone – Carbonyl group in middle
  20. Carboxylic acid – Carboxyl group
  21. Amine – Nitrogen-containing group
  22. Peptide bond – Covalent bond between amino acids
  23. Alpha helix – Coiled protein structure
  24. Beta sheet – Folded protein structure
  25. Protein domain – Structurally distinct region
  26. Protein motif – Conserved sequence pattern
  27. Protein family – Homologous protein group
  28. Protein subunit – Individual protein unit in complex
  29. Enzyme-substrate complex – Enzyme-substrate binding state
  30. Km – Michaelis constant
  31. Vmax – Maximum reaction rate
  32. Lineweaver-Burk plot – Graphical representation of enzyme kinetics
  33. Competitive inhibition – Inhibition by substrate analog
  34. Non-competitive inhibition – Inhibition by allosteric regulator
  35. Uncompetitive inhibition – Inhibition by inhibitor binding to enzyme-substrate complex
  36. Reversible inhibition – Inhibition that can be reversed by removing inhibitor
  37. Irreversible inhibition – Inhibition that cannot be reversed by removing inhibitor
  38. Allosteric enzyme – Enzyme with allosteric regulation
  39. Cooperativity – Positive or negative interaction between enzyme subunits
  40. Michaelis-Menten kinetics – Mathematical model of enzyme kinetics
  41. Enzyme activity assay – Method for measuring enzyme activity
  42. Enzyme purification – Isolation of enzyme from complex mixture
  43. Isozyme – Enzyme variant with different properties
  44. Protease – Enzyme that cleaves peptide bonds
  45. Lipase – Enzyme that breaks down lipids
  46. Amylase – Enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates
  47. Nuclease – Enzyme that breaks down nucleic acids
  48. Kinase – Enzyme that adds phosphate group
  49. Phosphatase – Enzyme that removes phosphate group
  50. Dehydrogenase – Enzyme that removes hydrogen atoms
  51. Oxidase – Enzyme that catalyzes oxidation reactions
  52. Reductase – Enzyme that catalyzes reduction reactions
  53. Isomerase – Enzyme that catalyzes isomerization reactions
  54. Ligase – Enzyme that catalyzes joining of molecules
  55. Polymerase – Enzyme that catalyzes polymerization reactions
  56. Reverse transcriptase – Enzyme that synthesizes DNA from RNA
  57. DNA polymerase – Enzyme that synthesizes DNA
  58. RNA polymerase – Enzyme that synthesizes RNA
  59. Transcription factor – Protein that regulates gene expression
  60. Promoter – DNA region that initiates transcription
  61. Operator – DNA region that regulates gene expression
  1. Repressor – Protein that inhibits gene expression
  2. Activator – Protein that enhances gene expression
  3. DNA replication – Process of copying DNA
  4. Helicase – Enzyme that unwinds DNA
  5. DNA polymerase – Enzyme that synthesizes new DNA strands
  6. Okazaki fragment – Short DNA segment on lagging strand
  7. DNA ligase – Enzyme that joins Okazaki fragments
  8. Leading strand – DNA strand synthesized continuously
  9. Lagging strand – DNA strand synthesized discontinuously
  10. Primer – Short RNA segment that initiates DNA synthesis
  11. PCR – Polymerase chain reaction
  12. Gel electrophoresis – Separation of biomolecules based on size
  13. Restriction enzyme – Enzyme that cleaves DNA at specific sites
  14. Plasmid – Circular DNA molecule
  15. Recombinant DNA – DNA created by joining fragments from different sources
  16. Transgenic organism – Organism with altered DNA
  17. Gene therapy – Treatment for genetic disorders
  18. Vector – Carrier for recombinant DNA
  19. Southern blot – DNA detection method
  20. Northern blot – RNA detection method
  21. Western blot – Protein detection method
  22. DNA sequencing – Determination of DNA sequence
  23. Sanger sequencing – Chain termination method of DNA sequencing
  24. Next-generation sequencing – High-throughput DNA sequencing
  25. CRISPR – Gene editing technology
  26. RNA interference – Gene expression regulation by RNA degradation
  27. Codon – Triplet of nucleotides that codes for amino acid
  28. mRNA – Messenger RNA
  29. tRNA – Transfer RNA
  30. rRNA – Ribosomal RNA
  31. Translation – Protein synthesis
  32. Ribosome – Complex of protein and rRNA
  33. Initiation – First stage of translation
  34. Elongation – Second stage of translation
  35. Termination – Third stage of translation
  36. Post-translational modification – Alteration of protein after synthesis
  37. Phosphorylation – Addition of phosphate group to protein
  38. Glycosylation – Addition of carbohydrate group to protein
  39. Lipidation – Addition of lipid group to protein
  40. Proteolysis – Protein degradation
  41. Protein folding – Three-dimensional structure formation
  42. Chaperone – Protein that assists in protein folding
  43. Prion – Misfolded protein that causes disease
  44. Proteasome – Protein degradation complex
  45. Autophagy – Cellular process of self-degradation
  46. Metabolism – Chemical reactions in cells
  47. Catabolism – Degradation of molecules
  48. Anabolism – Synthesis of molecules
  49. ATP – Adenosine triphosphate
  50. NAD+ – Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
  51. FAD – Flavin adenine dinucleotide
  52. Coenzyme – Organic molecule required for enzyme activity
  53. Metabolic pathway – Series of linked chemical reactions
  54. Glycolysis – Metabolic pathway for glucose breakdown
  55. Krebs cycle – Metabolic pathway for energy production
  56. Electron transport chain – Metabolic pathway for ATP synthesis
  57. Oxidative phosphorylation – ATP synthesis by electron transport chain
  58. Fermentation – ATP production in the absence of oxygen
  59. Gluconeogenesis – Metabolic pathway for glucose synthesis
  60. Lipid metabolism – Metabolic pathway for lipid breakdown and synthesis
  61. Ketogenesis – Metabolic pathway for ketone body synthesis.
  62. Amino acid metabolism – Metabolic pathway for amino acid breakdown and synthesis
  63. Enzyme – Protein that catalyzes biochemical reactions
  64. Active site – Region of enzyme that binds substrate
  65. Substrate – Molecule acted upon by enzyme
  66. Enzyme inhibition – Reduction of enzyme activity by a molecule
  67. Glycolysis – Metabolic pathway for the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate
  68. Citric acid cycle – Metabolic pathway for the oxidation of acetyl-CoA to carbon dioxide
  69. Electron transport chain – Series of electron carriers that transfer electrons from NADH and FADH2 to oxygen, generating ATP
  70. Oxidative phosphorylation – Process by which ATP is synthesized using energy from the electron transport chain
  71. Photosynthesis – Process by which light energy is converted to chemical energy in the form of glucose
  72. Chlorophyll – Pigment that absorbs light in photosynthesis
  73. Calvin cycle – Metabolic pathway for the synthesis of glucose in photosynthesis
  74. DNA – Genetic material that encodes instructions for the development and function of living organisms
  75. RNA – Molecule that carries genetic information from DNA to ribosomes for protein synthesis
  76. Transcription – Process by which RNA is synthesized from DNA
  77. Translation – Process by which proteins are synthesized from RNA
  78. Genetic code – Set of rules that determine the correspondence between RNA codons and amino acids
  79. Mutation – Change in DNA sequence that may alter protein function or gene expression
  80. DNA replication – Process by which DNA is duplicated prior to cell division
  81. Cell cycle – Sequence of events that leads to cell division and replication
  82. Apoptosis – Programmed cell death that occurs in response to cellular damage or signals
  83. Signal transduction – Process by which extracellular signals are converted into intracellular responses
  84. Receptor – Protein that binds to extracellular signals and initiates intracellular signaling
  85. Second messenger – Small molecule that mediates intracellular signaling in response to extracellular signals
  86. Ion channels – Transmembrane proteins that allow the passage of ions across the plasma membrane.

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